Moral injury is thought to arise from unresolved distress associated with experiencing events that involve direct or witnessed transgressions against an individual’s moral values. Despite growing interest in moral injury, interventions have demonstrated limited success in resolving moral injury event-related distress. Thus, better understanding of factors associated with moral injury event-related distress is needed to refine theoretical models and support the development of more targeted interventions. The past two decades have seen increasing interest in the role self-identity factors may play in the development and maintenance of trauma- and stressor-related psychopathology. However, investigation of the role of self-identity factors in moral injury is nascent. I present a synthesis of the findings of a series of four studies examining the relationship between self-identity factors and outcomes in moral injury-exposed community samples. Greater discrepancy from how one believes one ought to be, a sense of self dominated by the morally injurious event, and use of an avoidant identity processing style were associated with more severe event-related distress. In contrast, a greater diversity of personal roles, and use of an identity processing style that emphasizes consistency with group norms and values were associated with less severe event-related distress. Findings also revealed differences in the extent to which these self-identity factors were related to other forms of psychopathology that can also follow moral injury event exposure, including traumatic stress, depression and anxiety. Ways in which these self-identity factors may influence one another are explored, and implications for theoretical understanding of moral injury are discussed. A case is made for simple interventions targeting self-identity factors to support better outcomes for moral injury survivors, and recommendations are made to guide future research.